In The Mechanical Operation of the Spirit , Swift continues his satiric attack on both questionable religious views and questionable knowledge acquisition, particularly scientific knowledge. In Argument Against Abolishing Christianity , Swift shares his reactions to the Test Act, a law enacted by Charles II, requiring office holders to declare their allegiance to the king over the church.
The Journal to Stella , a series of letters written by Swift to Esther Johnson and Rebecca Dingley, includes the poem "The Windsor Prophecy," a satirical attack on the person and personality of the Duchess of Somerset, Queen Anne's red-haired attendant who did not care for Swift because of disparaging remarks Swift had written about her family.
Swift is also recognized as a defender of Ireland. In A Modest Proposal , a reaction to English commercial practices that negatively impacted Ireland, Swift wrote one of the greatest works of sustained irony in English or any other language. Instead of maintaining that English laws prevent the Irish from manufacturing anything to sell, he argues that the only items of commerce that the English don't restrict are Irish babies and reasons that the Irish would be better off as cattle to be butchered than as a colony to be starved by the English.
The Drapier's Letters is Swift's response to the continued subjugation of all aspects of the lives of those living in Ireland by England. Although the Irish knew that he had written the letters, they did not betray him. They made him a national hero instead. In Swift was sent to London as emissary of Irish clergy seeking remission of tax on Irish clerical incomes. His requests were rejected, however, by the Whig government and by Queen Anne, who suspected him of being irreligious.
While in London he he met Esther Vanhomrigh, who would become his "Vanessa. In Swift met Addison and Steele, and published his Bickerstaff Papers , satirical attacks upon an astrologer, John Partridge, and a series of ironical pamphlets on church questions, including An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity. In , which saw the publication of "A Description of a City Shower," Swift, disgusted with their alliance with the Dissenters, fell out with Whigs , allied himself with the Tories , and became the editor of the Tory newspaper The Examiner.
Between and he also wrote the famous series of letters to Esther Johnson which would eventually be published as The Journal to Stella. In Swift was installed as Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin — a promotion which was, again, a disappointment. With his accession the Tories fell from power, and Swift's hopes for preferment in England came to an end: he returned to Ireland "to die," as he says, "like a poisoned rat in a hole.
In Swift was offered the deanship of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. He begrudgingly resigned himself to living full-time in Ireland. In Swift led the Irish people in their resistance against the English, who continued to oppress them. He wrote many public letters and political pieces with the purpose of rallying the people. One of his most famous essays, "A Modest Proposal," satirically suggests that the Irish solve their problems of starvation and overpopulation by eating their young.
Swift also engaged in extensive commentary on religion, though these works are not much read today. Even though Swift's identity was widely known by the citizens of Dublin, no one came forward to report him when a pound reward was offered for his arrest. He was laid to rest next to Esther Johnson inside Dublin's St. Patrick's Cathedral. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives.
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